Extinction Shift Principle©

Copyright 2001

last updated: 2 July 2008

Extinction Shift Defined : Principal Axioms : Graphical Illustrations

Galilean Transformations of Velocities correctly applied

New: Proton-Proton scattering based on

Center of Effective Masses

Gedankenexperimente

 

Examples, Exercises & Gedankenexperimente!

Not found anywhere in the textbooks!

 

 

 

 

There are many, many theories, the Modified Relativity Theories, the Ether Theories and, among a very small group, there are the Emission Theories. This emission theory, the Extinction Shift Principle, successfully demonstrates for the very first time "pure" classical solutions to the entire set of problems of both Gravitation and Electromagnetism in Euclidean Space, applying a single set of principal axioms under Galilean transformations of velocities. 

 

 

the details

 

In order for us to understand and appreciate the significance and importance of this emission theory, let's start with 

A Brief Historical Review.

It is helpful to recall that, before Einstein's Special (1905) and General (1920) Relativity, the Physics of the wave mechanics and the interactions based on electromagnetism and gravitation was understood with the geometry of essentially Euclidean Space, thought to require no modifications or distortions, using essentially intuitive measures in a three-dimensional space. The velocities were logically added under the rules of Galilean Transformations of Velocities.  The time intervals, the lengths, the masses and the energies were treated classically and separately.

As Physics became more advanced and as the velocities and energies increased, the explanations of the phenomena of light and the interactions based on electromagnetism were thought to require additional modifications of the media of space and the concept to time.  Also, before Einstein, a number of ether theorists, such as Larmor and Lorentz, attempted to introduce a Luminiferous Ether as an explanation to the observations of the countless number of experiments pertaining to the apparent constancy of the velocity of light.  Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) introduce his idea of "l'espace-temps" the space-time in 1905 before Einstein explicitly quantified the concept much later in 1916. This was the later trends to modify or distort the geometry of the intuitive measures of space and time in order to force the theory to agree with the reality of the measurements and observations.  This was essentially the death of the logical treatments, the application of pure classical treatments to attempt to explain the physical phenomena.  

Emission theorists, i.e., Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), Pierre Simon de Laplace (1749-1827), Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774-1862), Sir David Brewster (1781-1868) and Walter Ritz (1878-1909) never got to complete the very important fundamentals, namely, the pure classical ideas that were base on the correct principles of optics that seemed to be, at that time, on the correct path.

Many emission theories have come and gone in the past century.  The Extinction Shift Principle that is being presented here is an emission theory. Only this time, unlike earlier emission theories, 

 

FUNDAMENTAL FACTS and OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE

clearly show

there is no direct interaction between gravitation & electromagnetism!

a prediction of this emission theory

 

Distorted Space Geometry

Euclidean Space Geometry

Lorentz Transformations of Velocities

units of length {x, y, z} are modified

unit of time {t} is dilated

 Galilean Transformations of Velocities

 

units of length are true/undistorted

observer notes a transverse relative time shift

 

The Discourses & Mathematical Illustrations performed entirely in Euclidean Space make absolutely no use of modified, distorted or warped space geometry. No Lorentz transformations, dilations of the time or relativistic procedures were herein considered. The principal axioms are based entirely on observational evidence and pure classical fundamentals.

The Extinction Shift Principle was derived solely from a pure classical Physics concept of emissions and re-emissions of the effects of electromagnetism and gravitation, abiding strictly by electrodynamics of Galilean Transformations of Velocities in Euclidean space.  For the very first time, as can be researched by this author, a single set of principal axioms governing the rules for applying Galilean transformations to the fields and the effects thereof, are successfully applied and demonstrated in the book for both Gravitation and Electromagnetism.  The Extinction Shift Principle considers the undisturbed nature of emissions and the rectilinear motion thereof.  A clear distinction is made between the undisturbed primary and the measurable secondary, i.e., that which can be calculated and that which can be measured.

No deviations are made from this premise, neither in the book nor in this very abridged treatise of the book.

Also, please distinguish the two very different terms:

    a) The velocity of light Constant

    b) The Constancy of the velocity of light

The parameter c is that of the velocity of light constant which has been measured very accurately to be about 299,792,458 meters per second in vacuum.  There are additionally many issues pertaining to whether this constant has had different values at earlier times or in different regions of the universe. But, the constant c is not the issue here at all.

The real issue here is that of the constancy of the velocity of light in all frames of reference.  The primary question remains:  Does the true velocity with which electromagnetic waves and gravitation move in a given frame of reference depend on the motion of its primary source of a different frame of reference?  Does the Galilean transformation of velocities apply to both electromagnetism and gravitation?  These questions have been answered with the affirmative in the mathematical proof of this emission theory.

The author now invites the reader to:  "Put aside for a moment all the non-classical tools, which serve only as a correction to the incorrectly formulated principles of natural law." "Now experience, as I have, the beauty and truth of undisturbed nature."

 

 

 

 

 

 

Extinction Shift Principle

An emission theory briefly elucidated.

 

 

 

 

 

Go open-mindedly forth.

Geh aufgeschlossen hin.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Click anytime on Glossary of Terms for definitions.

 

Relativity assumes that all velocities of emission are constant c  in all frames of reference.  The addition of velocities  are according to the Lorentz  transformation of velocities, which is actually based on and is derived from the Galilean transformations by requiring that all velocities of emissions are constant in all frames of reference.  Taking x' and t' from the Lorentz transformations of x and t, the transformation of velocities as required by Relativity is gotten from u'=x'/t' as

.

The Extinction Shift Principle assumes that the emissions and all re-emissions occur at constant velocity c in the frames of reference of their most primary sources only. All emissions will have the additive velocity  c' in all other frames of reference other than that of the primary source.  Hence, the additive velocity would be c+v for an approaching primary source, which moves with velocity v relative to that chosen frame of reference. The velocity would be c-v for a receding primary source. The addition of velocities are according to Galilean transformations

  .

What is an Extinction Shift?

As apposed to any Doppler shift, a re-emission at the point of interference of a not-yet-interfered-with primary wave takes place as graphically depicted above in the symbol for the Extinction Shift, whereby, from left to right, a longer primary wavelength with velocity c+v relative to the point of interference is extinguished at the point of interference, immediately re-emitting a new secondary wave at the relative frequency of the primary wave in the frame of reference of the interference.  The new secondary wave has a shorter secondary wavelength with velocity c relative to the point of interference. The primary and secondary waves have exactly the same frequency in the frame of reference of the interference, i.e., the velocity-to-wavelength ratio of the primary wave equals the velocity-to-wavelength ratio of the secondary wave. The point that has been missed in previous emission theories is that the ordinary real world observer can measure neither the velocity nor the wavelength of a primary wave.  The measuring instrument can only discern the frequency of interference as perceived in the frame of reference of the interference.

As a consequence of the mathematical illustrations presented in this book, it is thereby demonstrated that any wavelength of a primary wave cannot be Doppler Shifted, but rather re-emitted as an extinction shifted secondary wave, requiring absolutely no relativistic corrections whatsoever. And there is no direct observation or measurement on the primary wave.

Thus, any primary wave along with its previously undisturbed wavelength is extinguished upon interference and replaced with a new secondary wave with a shifted , i.e., extinction shifted wavelength, moving with velocity  c  in the frame of reference of the interference.

Unlike earlier emission theories, the principal axioms of the Extinction Shift Principle makes a clear distinction between the measurable and the calculable.

 

Glossary of Terms

 

The following graphical illustration is that of a fixed interference, namely, that of a fixed window.  The fixed window becomes the secondary source, at the point of interference, thereby re-emitting the previously undisturbed primary wave originating from a moving primary source that is approaching with velocity v from the left of the illustration.  The undisturbed primary wave  is replaced with a new extinction shifted secondary wave as follows:

 

 

Note:  Any observer would always note that the number of waves passing any fixed point per unit of time before the fixed interference "window" would equal the number of waves passing a fixed point per unit of time after the interference.  It is the frequency of interference that is always the observable as a consequence of Galilean transformations and optical principles pertaining to the direct interference on the primary wave. 

Hence:

 

or

 

where neither the undisturbed velocity nor undisturbed wavelength on the left hand side of this equation is independently measurable.  A measurement can only reveal the frequency of interference at the window, mirror or lens of the measuring apparatus.  Always the extinction shifted wavelength, as a consequence of Galilean transformations of velocities and the principal axioms of the Extinction Shift Principle, is measured as

while the undisturbed primary wavelength is extinguished and is not measurable.

An important reminder once again; this is NOT a Doppler Shift. This is the Fixed Window Axiom of the Principal Axioms given in the section on the Extinction Shift Theory Illustrated in the Appendix of the book on page 20A for the case of an approaching primary source.

The following illustration demonstrates that the window medium or thickness of the window plays absolutely no role in the output of the optical experiment.  The interfering medium, namely a window or a lens transmits while the mirror reflects unaltered the incident frequency of interference .  It is assumed hereby again that the vacuum is void of any secondary sources of emission, allowing the waves to move undisturbed.  The waves emitted from an approaching source move undisturbed with velocity c+v in vacuum as illustrated. Note that at the left boundary of the vacuum space and the window medium {at distances far less than the wavelength} the incident primary wave at velocity c+v is in phase with the re-emitted transmitted  wave in the medium at velocity c/n.  Also note that at the right boundary, the re-emitted transmitted wave in the medium at velocity c/n is in phase with the re-emitted secondary wave into vacuum at velocity c.  A general principle of optics.

 

 

The frequency of interference, i.e., the number of waves of this signal passing any given fixed point per unit time would be

and the extinction shifted wavelength of a wave emitted from an approaching source remains to be

.

This is the measured value of the wavelength.

As a consequence of Galilean transformations and the classical principle of emissions directly from the source, all re-emissions of a photon occur at exactly the velocity c  with respect the frame of reference of the photons most primary source; not in all frames of reference.

Primary photons emitted from distant rotating stars will have a snowballs chance in hell arriving undisturbed to the vicinity of our earth based observers, as is evident that approximately 90% of the mass of our visible universe is unseen.  Even if a tiny fraction of this matter were in the form of the hydrogen and helium of interstellar gases, it would play a very significant role as an extinguishing medium.  Secondary emissions of already extinguished photons are responsible for practically all optical/electromagnetic phenomena.

The Measurement 

Any measurement on a primary wave or photon is a direct interference. As previously illustrated, any previously undisturbed wave of velocity c' originating from a moving primary source is immediately extinguished by the measuring apparatus and replaced by a new secondary wave of velocity c relative to it as follows:

The hypothetical observer depicted above will note that all re-emissions will have the velocity c relative to their most direct sources only, not constant in all frames of reference.  The ordinary real world observer, as already stated above, can measure neither the velocity nor the wavelength of a primary {anomalous velocity} wave. 

 

 

Click anytime on Glossary of Terms for definitions.

The Rectilinear Motion of the photon

The rectilinear path of the photons which are the constituent parts of any wave front is considered in this emission theory. In previous emission theories, the geometry of the rectilinear motion and the consequence thereof were simply ignored, i.e., "the baby was simply thrown out with the bath water.". As opposed to any light bending effect or a warped space as assumed in Relativity, alternatively, an altering of the path of re-emitted photons is accomplished via electrodynamics of re-emission in Euclidean Space as a direct consequence of relative phase and conservation of energy. The principle of emission and re-emission suggest that an undisturbed photon simply cannot change its path. A primary photon moving undisturbed on a given path simply gives rise to a new secondary photon at the point of interference. The path of the new photon would be characteristic of the interfering medium.  The primary photon will no longer exists.  This Extinction Shift Principle demonstrates with clear examples that any medium continually subjects the photon to processes of re-emission, i.e., from primary to secondary, from secondary to tertiary, etc., etc., each segment propagating along in a pure rectilinear fashion. 

Invariance of the Wave Equation

It is found that the wave equation is totally invariant under Galilean Transformations, using the principal axioms of the Extinction Shift Principle applied to all re-emissions in Euclidean Space Geometry.  Abiding strictly by these axioms, while correctly applying the rules for the velocity transformations in Euclidean Space, it is herein mathematically illustrated that any observer would always derive the very same wave equation, regardless of his frame of reference.  

What are the principal axioms?

In any emission theory, there are various combinations of light paths that need to be considered for theoretically interpreting the results pertaining to electromagnetic emissions. The experiment always pertains to a source {primary emitter}, an interference {one or more secondary sources of emission or re-emitters} and an observer {detector}.  The principal axioms pertain to the various combinations of the state of the source, the interference and the observer and the direct application of the Galilean transformations to derive the observed frequencies, wavelengths and velocities in Euclidean Space. For instance, one experiment may involve a fixed source, a fixed interferer and a moving observer. Another experiment may involve a moving source, a fixed interferer and a moving observer. Still another experiment may involve a fixed source, a moving interferer and a fixed observer. And so on ...  

Similarly, for the case of gravitation, a given primary mass particle may be considered as the source of a primary field  that perturbed a secondary mass particle, the source of a secondary field.  The  secondary field of this mass conveys indirect information on the primary mass particle via its secondary field to yet a third tertiary mass or some sensor mass under influence of the fields. Here, the very same Galilean transformation of velocities were successfully applied to the gravitational fields and the effects thereof as in the case of the perihelion rotation effect of the planet Mercury and of the PSR13+16 neutron pulsar star system.

It has been mathematically demonstrated in the book in the section "Extinction Shift Principle applied to Nullified Experiments in Optics", pages 16A - 27A, that all of the principal axioms are consistent with the important experiments in optics and with known observational evidence in astrophysics.  Herewith, the experimental evidence may be given for the correctness of this Extinction Shift Principle.

 

Click anytime on Glossary of Terms for definitions.

Galilean transformations

For nearly a century now the mathematical physics of Galilean transformations of velocities is a topic that is completely missing in the lecture halls of Modern Physics today. The correct use of Galilean transformations in the derivations of the effects due to significant fractions of the velocity of light and its rectilinear nature is not being addressed at all in the graduate level physics of today.  This is an essential skill needed to explain the results of important experiments in optics and the astrophysical effect. It is a skill that has been practically forgotten by physicists. A quick observation can easily be made that will reveal that the technique of the Galilean transformation is not a requirement for virtually all the Qualifying Examinations required for the Degree of the Ph.D. in Physics.   The fatal flaw in most mathematical physics illustrations of the Galilean transformations is that a) the undisturbed not-yet-measured length is not honored or considered in the application of the transformations and b) the transitions between frames of reference do not leave the undisturbed {the primary wavelength or primary velocity} in tact.

In the undergraduate and graduate level textbooks, one will see that the Galilean transformation is incorrectly applied when illustrating the invariance of the wave equations. In the standard texts, consistently, the undisturbed wavelength is not correctly treated between the primed and the unprimed frames of reference, thereby resulting in a fundamental error in the calculus. This has lead to the incorrect consensus of a non-invariance of the wave equations under the electrodynamics of Galilean transformations.  Reference for instance the Thornton/Rex, Modern Physics for Engineers and Scientists, Saunders College Publishing 1993. p.21, Problems on p. 59.  Also, D. Holliday, R. Resnick and J. Walker, Fundamentals of Physics, Extended 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1993. 

A "Luminiferous Ether"; Is it required?

It is important to note that no preferred frame of reference is required or necessary in emission concepts.  No ether.  The concept of re-emitting media will simply short circuit any use of the electrodynamics of Galilean transformations of velocities in Euclidean Space Geometry.

Any experiment designed to report changes in the velocity of light or test the so-called relativistic tenement of the constancy of the velocity of light due to the presence of a medium is erroneous.  For instance, a clock designed around an optical light cavity or the reflecting walls of a hollow resonator cannot be used to detect any uniform motion of the laboratory that contains the experiment and the observer.  The observer in the laboratories without windows cannot detect the motion of the planet Earth about the solar system or about our own galaxy.  As a direct consequence of Galilean transformations and the principal axioms of the Extinction Shift Principle, any emitted undisturbed wave will have the velocity c relative to its most primary source.  A secondary wave will also have the velocity c relative to its secondary source, i.e., the point of interference of the primary wave.   Again, this undisturbed re-emitted wave will have the velocity  c' = c+v in a different frame of reference other than that of its primary source, which moves with velocity v relative to that frame of reference.

Let us assume now the mirrored walls of a hollow resonator with a separation of L will bound the photons, re-emitting them back and forth with velocity c relative to the mirrored walls of the hollow resonator, with the round-trip period of 2L/c and with the frequency of c/(2L) ticks per second.  Correctly applying Galilean transformations to the laboratory moving with velocity v shows that the new frame will have absolutely NO effect on the round-trip period to any observer inside of and moving along with laboratory, as the velocity of the photon is {(c+v) - v} = c relative to the walls of the hollow resonator whose dimensions remains that of L and remains unchanged in Euclidean Space.

Recall that any emitted, previously undisturbed wave {or photon} will always have the velocity c relative to its most primary source.  A secondary wave {or photon} will also have the velocity c relative to its secondary source, i.e., that element or point of interference of the primary wave.  This natural phenomenon, a pure Classical Physics principle of optics can easily be {and has evidently already been historically} misconstrued or misinterpreted as the presence of some Luminiferous Ether or a fictitious interfering medium.

The famed Albert Michelson and Edward Morley Interferometer Experiment of 1887 has absolutely nothing at all to do with the concept of Relativity or with Emission Theories. It is a great misfortune that this area dealing with the techniques of the optical interferometer under the electrodynamics of Galilean Transformations is not introduced in texts and is generally not properly taught in the classrooms of Physics.  It should be also noted that the significance of this experiment was solely to demonstrate the presence of or the non-presence of a Luminiferous Ether or an interfering medium.

All of this will become more apparent to the new-comer to this emission theory after having gained some familiarization with the principal axioms of this emission theory. A review of the thought experiments presented here and the downloadable Examples & Exercises would greatly help.

Recall that in any emission theory, no re-emitting media or secondary sources of emission are required.  No Ether.

The Extinction Shift Principle is not to be confused with the Extinction Theorem of Ewald-Oseen, Annalen der Physik(1915) or the theorem of Oswald-Oseen, as referenced in the 6th ed Born & Wolf Principles of Optics, pp 71, 101-104, 1955.

The reader will be confronted with a refreshing change. All results required only a few pages of elementary mathematics and an occasional use of differential and integral calculus, as was demonstrated in this Peer Reviewed work, published since the 1991 first edition. 

The Extinction Shift Principle correctly predicts the outcomes of all the significant experiments in optics, i.e., A. A. Michelson, Bechman & Mandics, etc., the observations in natures laboratories of astrophysics, namely, those of the planetary physics and the binary neutron pulsar stars.

Direct applications of the principal axioms of the Extinction Shift Principle applied to emissions and re-emissions in Euclidean Space Geometry led to solutions to various optical gyroscopes and illustrations of the Sagnac effect under electrodynamics of Galilean transformations alone.  A new look at the convection of waves in a moving medium is herein elucidated.  

 

Click anytime on Glossary of Terms for definitions.

 

 

ON   ELECTROMAGNETISM

 

Transverse Relative Time as opposed to Time Dilation

An apparent Time Dilation or a transverse relative time shift , shown to be merely an inverse of a transverse relative frequency, yields a pure classical equivalence to a Time Dilation, but for an intuitive, classical reason, demonstrating the Time Dilation is merely an apparent phenomenon.  To any stationary observer, a moving charge would appear to trace a longer path, as in Galilean Electrodynamics, the effects are conveyed to the stationary observer via electrodynamics of emissions at the finite velocity c relative to the interfering medium.  See under subtopic [Seminars] for a short slide presentation and excerpts from seminars, pdf files: 2nd set, slide #8,  "Transvers-Relative Zeitverschiebung {Transverse Relative Time Shift}".

Effective Mass as opposed to Relativistic Mass

The problem of a moving charged mass under influence of an accelerating potential demonstrates a direct, pure classical derivation of an effective mass (not actual mass), yielding the very same equation as for the Relativistic mass, but requiring only pure classical tools.  See also under subtopic [Seminars] pdf files: 2nd set, slide #7, "Effektive Masse {Effective Mass}".  The following animation may be considered a direct proof for the concept of the effective mass as opposed to the actual mass or the relativistic mass in the discipline of Particle Physics. It is easily illustrated and is evident that the only observable in the past century of atomic and particle Physics is that of the {Force/Acceleration} ratio. The actual mass of a particle or of an atom has actually never been measured.  

The following illustration is that of an elastic collision between particles of like masses, say protons.  It is herein illustrated that the velocity of the center of the Effective Masses indicated by the purple dot is unchanging.  This is an important point not properly treated in texts.

 

 

We note that the center of mass CM point that represents the center of the effective Masses moves closer to the larger of the effective masses with a velocity that is closer to that mass.  The one single parameter that remains unchanged is the velocity of the center of the effective masses.  It is for this very reason that the protons taking part in any elastic collision, carrying away equal energies, will depart with angles of scatter less than 45 degrees from the direction of velocity of center of masses; also not found in the textbooks.

We note also that the principle of the effective mass derived in the book on page 25 and illustrated here yields precisely the mathematical physics results of Relativity, but for an entirely different reason.  The following table provides the relevant data for such an elastic collision between a proton of 435 MeV colliding with a second proton at rest and then departing with equal energies.  The angles of scatter are calculated, arriving at the precise mathematical results of Relativity, but for pure classical reasons explainable only in Euclidean Space Geometry.

 

Incident Proton of 435 MeV collides with second Proton at rest

The scattered Protons depart with equal energies
The incident proton of Kinetic Energy = 435 MeV has the velocity v = 219058500m/s.

The Effective Masses must be preserved before and after all collisions.  Therefore,

Solving this for the velocity of scatter after collision V' = 175174641m/s 
Effective Mass before

collision of velocity

v = 219058500m/s

 Effective Mass after

collision of velocity

v' = 175174641m/s

The velocity of scatter of the effective masses moving in the x-direction is VX = VCM. Classically 

In Euclidean Space Geometry the angle of scatter from the x-direction is therefore 

 

 

An additional problem is stated in the GRE {Graduate Record Examination} Book on Physics 4 Full-Length Exams, Research & Education Association, 1993, problem 49 on page 167. A neutron of kinetic energy T = 1876 MeV is incident on a neutron at rest. The neutron scatters elastically. Find the angle of scatter.

The above procedure can be repeated for the new parameters.  For an exercise, you may find for the neutrons:

given T=1876 MeV, V = 282840000m/s

from velocity of the center of effective masses VX = VCM = 212125931m/s 

from the preservation of effective masses V' = 259802638m/s

the angle of scatter = 35.2652 deg

Also, for an additional exercise, consider a proton that collides with a resting neutron.

given T=2000 MeV for the incident proton and using the above procedure, 

show that: the velocity of the center of effective masses VX = VCM = 215499000m/s

and the angle of scatter would be ca. 34.826 deg for both particles of similar masses.

(The neutron mass is only a factor of 1.0014 greater than the proton mass.)

Also note that the effective mass principle applies to both neutral masses as well as to charged masses.

 

Mass-Energy Relation

A mass-energy relation is derived using the very same principal axioms, illustrating a merely apparent, not an actual gobbling up of the matter.  The actual mass does not change as a function of velocity. The potential energy of an electric field exposed to any charged mass that is free to move, serves merely an energy reservoir for the kinetic energy acquired by the accelerating charged mass particle.  As the particle acquires more velocity relative to the accelerating apparatus that supplies the field, the Lorentz forces acting on the moving mass charge must be modified.  A moving charge sees an entirely different field than does a stationary charge.  As the particle's velocity approaches the velocity c  relative to the laboratory apparatus, the effect of the Lorentz force is thereby diminished. The accelerating apparatus becomes less efficient. As a consequence of Galilean transformations, the finite velocity of propagation of the field set up by the stationary laboratory apparatus and the effects thereof, as illustrated mathematically in the book, the E-field component of the Lorentz force acting on the moving particle actually diminishes by the factor

  

rather than the inverse, namely, the effect of motion causing the mass of the charge to increase by the factor  

as is preferred by the relativists, thus, giving only the illusion that the mass increases as a function of velocity. It is well understood that the magnetic field component of an electromagnetic field does no work at all on the charged particle as is dictated by the Lorentz force law. The laws of conservation of energy and of momentum are herein strictly adhered to. [See References: McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Physics, 1983, Parker, p.957 and Classical Electrodynamics, 1975, Jackson, 2nd ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p.238, 572-3,578-582]. This effect of the velocity dependent electric field-charge interaction is virtually ignored in the discipline of nuclear and particle physics, especially among that community of physical science bent on the survival of Relativity.

 

Click anytime on Glossary of Terms for definitions.

 

 

ON  GRAVITATION

 

Perihelion Rotation

The outcome of significant experiments in natures laboratories, to include the optical phenomena of photons emitted from stars and the recently observed astrophysical phenomena, such as that of the PSR13+16 neutron pulsar system perihelion rotation and the apparent gravitational lensing effects were correctly predicted by applying solely the principal axioms of the Extinction Shift Principle in Euclidean Space Geometry.  The results here yield the very same equations that are derived using the assumptions of Relativity. This time, a pure classical approach is used.  The planet Mercury and the PSR13+16 neutron pulsar star system perihelion rotation effects were both calculated by applying solely Galilean transformations on the exchange of gravitons between the mass particles under one another's influence.  Distortions in the geometry of space and the time were not needed to arrive at the results.

Gravitational Light Bending and Gravitational Redshift

Derivations for the so-called solar light bending effect and the gravitational redshift was illustrated in the book using step-by-step procedures without any need of any relativistic assumptions.  This was accomplished by directly applying the Window Axioms that were derived from and are based directly on the sum total of experimental observations over the past century, thereby demonstrating that the very same  principal axioms of the Extinction Shift Principle are applicable to both gravitation and electromagnetism.

It is herewith demonstrated, using the above stated principal axioms of the Extinction Shift Principle, that the recently observed phenomenon at the center of the Milky Way appears to counter the light bending rule of General Relativity.  It is commonly accepted by the community of astrophysicists that a supper massive object, presumably a black hole resides at the galactic center with a mass of 3.7±1.5 million solar masses.  From observations over a period of more than a decade now, the rapidly moving stars within a region of light days from the galactic core have been observed to move along purely Keplerian orbits, all about a single point known as Sagittarius A*.  We recall that the solar light bending effect for rays of starlight at the solar limb has been predicted by General Relativity to be 1.75 arcsec.

The Extinction Shift Principle derives the very same formula as is derived by Relativity, but for a completely different reason.  Relativity assumes a direct interaction between light and gravitation.  The Extinction Shift Principle predicts that only indirect interactions actually take place between gravitation and electromagnetism via the secondary sources of emission acting on the rays of light.  Hence, the solar plasma at the solar limb acts as the secondary sources of emission on the rays of star light that grazes the solar plasma.

An important finding with convincing observational evidence is that in the vicinity of a black hole there can be no material sources of emission; no space containing matter.  Only a pure vacuum space free a gravitating matter can exist. A pitch-black void is very visible and apparent at our galactic center; that position where it is believed that a black hole exits.

One can perform a very clear and easy Gedankenexperiment and show that the galactic mass of 3.7±1.5 million solar masses will most assuredly have an effect of at least a factor of one million times that of the 1.75 arcsec due to the solar mass predicted by Relativity.  The observed purely Keplerian orbits of the perfectly traced out elliptical paths show no evidence of a distortion of the images in this region of space of the stars orbiting about the galactic core. 

 

NOW POSTED

recent findings

Gravitation interacts only indirectly via secondary sources of emission with electromagnetism.

Flawed understanding and misapplication of Fundamental Principles

in

Mathematical Physics, Gravitation and Electromagnetism Encountered

supported by observational evidence

published in renowned refereed journal 

See [Topic #07]

 

The published Discourses & Mathematical Illustrations  that led to step-by-step pure classical approaches shown to be mathematically equivalent to Relativity is an original work.  It is a collection of various manuscripts by this author, copyrighted since 1978.  It is a statement as well as an appeal to the current orthodoxy and to the community of physical science to examine this alternative.  This book is not a textbook.  This is not a plug-and-chug discipline.  The new-comer to this emission theory will have to work for this one.  The new-comer must do the home-work.

In all due fairness, it is not possible to include the entire contents of the book on the web site.  All interested and open-minded will most assuredly understand and appreciate this much abridged treatise. To gain some familiarity with this emission theory you may download {Example & Exercises}, printout and work through exercises on the principal axioms of the Extinction Shift Principle.

As a consequence of these findings, it is clear that in this past century

A MONUMENTAL PHYSICAL SCIENCE BLUNDER 

may have taken place.

 

The author's  invitation:  "Put aside for a moment all the non-classical tools, which serve only as a correction to the incorrectly formulated principles of natural law." "Now experience, as I have, the beauty and truth of undisturbed nature."

Also, please be advised that this work is an Alternative to the Theory of Relativity.  It is not a bashing of Einstein.

The author:  "No one, who has dared to challenge current orthodox thinking as I have, has any greater admiration and respect for the great works of Dr. Albert Einstein than I have."  "I truly believe, that if Einstein were here today and had the many advantages of today's modern technical means at his disposal, he would certainly disprove his own Theory of Relativity." 

Einstein said in his own words: 

"Wenn die Lichtgeschwindigkeit auch nur ein bißchen von der Geschwindigkeit der Lichtquelle abhängig ist, dann ist meine ganze Relativitätstheorie und Gravitationstheorie falsch." {Zitat A. Einsteins von einem Brief an Erwin Finley-Freundlich: August 1913}

"If the velocity of light is only a tiny bit dependent on the velocity of the light source, then my whole theory of Relativity and Gravitation is false." {Quotation of A. Einstein from a letter to Erwin Finley-Freundlich: August 1913}.

A note from the author:  From exhaustive research, the challengers of Relativity are found to form two main groups.  They are

        (1)  the "Modified Relativity Theorists" and

        (2)  the "Ether Theorists"

And a very small minority group, however, are

        (3)  the "Emission Theorists", yours truly included.

This Emission Theorist presents the Extinction Shift Principle, a pure classical Physics principle that does not require any of the tools of Relativity. From the book cover, No Ether! No Length Contraction! No Time Dilation! No Velocity Dependent Mass! No Warped Space! No Doppler! No Relativity!

The Teaching

It is all too often taught in the undergraduate, as well as in the graduate level Physics classrooms that the experiment proves a theory.  A gross misconception persists that "countless experiments can prove a theory or show that a theory is well founded".  Also misunderstood and virtually not taught at all in modern Physics classes is the fact that "only one fatal experiment is needed to disprove any theory."

In all disciplines there may appear, over the decades, two or more "principía" that seem to predict correctly the experimental results.  There may be one or more alternatives to a major accepted theory requiring the experiment to eliminate the incorrect ones. However, we all know there can be only ONE correct theory, whenever there are two or more alternatives.

 

What is at stake?

Let us do a thought process for a moment in order to answer this question fairly.  Suppose now we have two identical worlds of equal intelligence and scientific capabilities.  Let one of the worlds have the correct theory and the other world have the incorrect theory. Let them both seem to predict, correctly, the experimental results. If we go away and leave these two worlds for a long while and then later return, which one of the two worlds will have progressed more and will have accomplished the greatest technological achievements?  The correct answer should obviously be "The world with the correct theory".  NOT always the accepted theory.

 

 

A Note to Academia and "Centers of Excellence"

Denial of the teaching of the Alternative is a

Shortchanging of the new Pupil of Science

 

Acknowledgement

This author wishes to acknowledge with great pleasure the opportunity to have known and to have interacted with the late Dr. John Okolowski, Professor of Physics and Engineering at Widner University, a true scholar and a gentleman, to say the least, who Peer Reviewed the 1991 edition of this book.

 

Examples & Exercises

Click to DOWNLOAD a PDF FILE

PRINCIPAL AXIOM4 of the Extinction Shift Principle  {posted October 10, 2001}

PRINCIPAL AXIOM5 of the Extinction Shift Principle  {posted March 18, 2006}

 

FLYER

{PDF File}

DOWNLOAD and PRINTOUT

==AND PASS ON==

THANKS

 

Auf Deutsch zusammengefaßt: